path: root/flang/lib/Evaluate/fold-integer.cpp

//===-- lib/Evaluate/fold-integer.cpp -------------------------------------===//
//
// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

#include "fold-implementation.h"
#include "flang/Evaluate/check-expression.h"

namespace Fortran::evaluate {

// Class to retrieve the constant lower bound of an expression which is an
// array that devolves to a type of Constant<T>
class GetConstantArrayLboundHelper {
public:
  GetConstantArrayLboundHelper(ConstantSubscript dim) : dim_{dim} {}

  template <typename T> ConstantSubscript GetLbound(const T &) {
    // The method is needed for template expansion, but we should never get
    // here in practice.
    CHECK(false);
    return 0;
  }

  template <typename T> ConstantSubscript GetLbound(const Constant<T> &x) {
    // Return the lower bound
    return x.lbounds()[dim_];
  }

  template <typename T> ConstantSubscript GetLbound(const Parentheses<T> &x) {
    // Strip off the parentheses
    return GetLbound(x.left());
  }

  template <typename T> ConstantSubscript GetLbound(const Expr<T> &x) {
    // recurse through Expr<T>'a until we hit a constant
    return std::visit([&](const auto &inner) { return GetLbound(inner); },
        //      [&](const auto &) { return 0; },
        x.u);
  }

private:
  ConstantSubscript dim_;
};

template <int KIND>
Expr<Type<TypeCategory::Integer, KIND>> LBOUND(FoldingContext &context,
    FunctionRef<Type<TypeCategory::Integer, KIND>> &&funcRef) {
  using T = Type<TypeCategory::Integer, KIND>;
  ActualArguments &args{funcRef.arguments()};
  if (const auto *array{UnwrapExpr<Expr<SomeType>>(args[0])}) {
    if (int rank{array->Rank()}; rank > 0) {
      std::optional<int> dim;
      if (funcRef.Rank() == 0) {
        // Optional DIM= argument is present: result is scalar.
        if (auto dim64{GetInt64Arg(args[1])}) {
          if (*dim64 < 1 || *dim64 > rank) {
            context.messages().Say("DIM=%jd dimension is out of range for "
                                   "rank-%d array"_err_en_US,
                *dim64, rank);
            return MakeInvalidIntrinsic<T>(std::move(funcRef));
          } else {
            dim = *dim64 - 1; // 1-based to 0-based
          }
        } else {
          // DIM= is present but not constant
          return Expr<T>{std::move(funcRef)};
        }
      }
      bool lowerBoundsAreOne{true};
      if (auto named{ExtractNamedEntity(*array)}) {
        const Symbol &symbol{named->GetLastSymbol()};
        if (symbol.Rank() == rank) {
          lowerBoundsAreOne = false;
          if (dim) {
            return Fold(context,
                ConvertToType<T>(GetLowerBound(context, *named, *dim)));
          } else if (auto extents{
                         AsExtentArrayExpr(GetLowerBounds(context, *named))}) {
            return Fold(context,
                ConvertToType<T>(Expr<ExtentType>{std::move(*extents)}));
          }
        } else {
          lowerBoundsAreOne = symbol.Rank() == 0; // LBOUND(array%component)
        }
      }
      if (IsActuallyConstant(*array)) {
        return Expr<T>{GetConstantArrayLboundHelper{*dim}.GetLbound(*array)};
      }
      if (lowerBoundsAreOne) {
        if (dim) {
          return Expr<T>{1};
        } else {
          std::vector<Scalar<T>> ones(rank, Scalar<T>{1});
          return Expr<T>{
              Constant<T>{std::move(ones), ConstantSubscripts{rank}}};
        }
      }
    }
  }
  return Expr<T>{std::move(funcRef)};
}

template <int KIND>
Expr<Type<TypeCategory::Integer, KIND>> UBOUND(FoldingContext &context,
    FunctionRef<Type<TypeCategory::Integer, KIND>> &&funcRef) {
  using T = Type<TypeCategory::Integer, KIND>;
  ActualArguments &args{funcRef.arguments()};
  if (auto *array{UnwrapExpr<Expr<SomeType>>(args[0])}) {
    if (int rank{array->Rank()}; rank > 0) {
      std::optional<int> dim;
      if (funcRef.Rank() == 0) {
        // Optional DIM= argument is present: result is scalar.
        if (auto dim64{GetInt64Arg(args[1])}) {
          if (*dim64 < 1 || *dim64 > rank) {
            context.messages().Say("DIM=%jd dimension is out of range for "
                                   "rank-%d array"_err_en_US,
                *dim64, rank);
            return MakeInvalidIntrinsic<T>(std::move(funcRef));
          } else {
            dim = *dim64 - 1; // 1-based to 0-based
          }
        } else {
          // DIM= is present but not constant
          return Expr<T>{std::move(funcRef)};
        }
      }
      bool takeBoundsFromShape{true};
      if (auto named{ExtractNamedEntity(*array)}) {
        const Symbol &symbol{named->GetLastSymbol()};
        if (symbol.Rank() == rank) {
          takeBoundsFromShape = false;
          if (dim) {
            if (semantics::IsAssumedSizeArray(symbol) && *dim == rank - 1) {
              context.messages().Say("DIM=%jd dimension is out of range for "
                                     "rank-%d assumed-size array"_err_en_US,
                  rank, rank);
              return MakeInvalidIntrinsic<T>(std::move(funcRef));
            } else if (auto ub{GetUpperBound(context, *named, *dim)}) {
              return Fold(context, ConvertToType<T>(std::move(*ub)));
            }
          } else {
            Shape ubounds{GetUpperBounds(context, *named)};
            if (semantics::IsAssumedSizeArray(symbol)) {
              CHECK(!ubounds.back());
              ubounds.back() = ExtentExpr{-1};
            }
            if (auto extents{AsExtentArrayExpr(ubounds)}) {
              return Fold(context,
                  ConvertToType<T>(Expr<ExtentType>{std::move(*extents)}));
            }
          }
        } else {
          takeBoundsFromShape = symbol.Rank() == 0; // UBOUND(array%component)
        }
      }
      if (takeBoundsFromShape) {
        if (auto shape{GetShape(context, *array)}) {
          if (dim) {
            if (auto &dimSize{shape->at(*dim)}) {
              return Fold(context,
                  ConvertToType<T>(Expr<ExtentType>{std::move(*dimSize)}));
            }
          } else if (auto shapeExpr{AsExtentArrayExpr(*shape)}) {
            return Fold(context, ConvertToType<T>(std::move(*shapeExpr)));
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
  return Expr<T>{std::move(funcRef)};
}

template <int KIND>
Expr<Type<TypeCategory::Integer, KIND>> FoldIntrinsicFunction(
    FoldingContext &context,
    FunctionRef<Type<TypeCategory::Integer, KIND>> &&funcRef) {
  using T = Type<TypeCategory::Integer, KIND>;
  using Int4 = Type<TypeCategory::Integer, 4>;
  ActualArguments &args{funcRef.arguments()};
  auto *intrinsic{std::get_if<SpecificIntrinsic>(&funcRef.proc().u)};
  CHECK(intrinsic);
  std::string name{intrinsic->name};
  if (name == "abs") {
    return FoldElementalIntrinsic<T, T>(context, std::move(funcRef),
        ScalarFunc<T, T>([&context](const Scalar<T> &i) -> Scalar<T> {
          typename Scalar<T>::ValueWithOverflow j{i.ABS()};
          if (j.overflow) {
            context.messages().Say(
                "abs(integer(kind=%d)) folding overflowed"_en_US, KIND);
          }
          return j.value;
        }));
  } else if (name == "bit_size") {
    return Expr<T>{Scalar<T>::bits};
  } else if (name == "ceiling" || name == "floor" || name == "nint") {
    if (const auto *cx{UnwrapExpr<Expr<SomeReal>>(args[0])}) {
      // NINT rounds ties away from zero, not to even
      common::RoundingMode mode{name == "ceiling" ? common::RoundingMode::Up
              : name == "floor"                   ? common::RoundingMode::Down
                                : common::RoundingMode::TiesAwayFromZero};
      return std::visit(
          [&](const auto &kx) {
            using TR = ResultType<decltype(kx)>;
            return FoldElementalIntrinsic<T, TR>(context, std::move(funcRef),
                ScalarFunc<T, TR>([&](const Scalar<TR> &x) {
                  auto y{x.template ToInteger<Scalar<T>>(mode)};
                  if (y.flags.test(RealFlag::Overflow)) {
                    context.messages().Say(
                        "%s intrinsic folding overflow"_en_US, name);
                  }
                  return y.value;
                }));
          },
          cx->u);
    }
  } else if (name == "count") {
    if (!args[1]) { // TODO: COUNT(x,DIM=d)
      if (const auto *constant{UnwrapConstantValue<LogicalResult>(args[0])}) {
        std::int64_t result{0};
        for (const auto &element : constant->values()) {
          if (element.IsTrue()) {
            ++result;
          }
        }
        return Expr<T>{result};
      }
    }
  } else if (name == "digits") {
    if (const auto *cx{UnwrapExpr<Expr<SomeInteger>>(args[0])}) {
      return Expr<T>{std::visit(
          [](const auto &kx) {
            return Scalar<ResultType<decltype(kx)>>::DIGITS;
          },
          cx->u)};
    } else if (const auto *cx{UnwrapExpr<Expr<SomeReal>>(args[0])}) {
      return Expr<T>{std::visit(
          [](const auto &kx) {
            return Scalar<ResultType<decltype(kx)>>::DIGITS;
          },
          cx->u)};
    } else if (const auto *cx{UnwrapExpr<Expr<SomeComplex>>(args[0])}) {
      return Expr<T>{std::visit(
          [](const auto &kx) {
            return Scalar<typename ResultType<decltype(kx)>::Part>::DIGITS;
          },
          cx->u)};
    }
  } else if (name == "dim") {
    return FoldElementalIntrinsic<T, T, T>(
        context, std::move(funcRef), &Scalar<T>::DIM);
  } else if (name == "dshiftl" || name == "dshiftr") {
    const auto fptr{
        name == "dshiftl" ? &Scalar<T>::DSHIFTL : &Scalar<T>::DSHIFTR};
    // Third argument can be of any kind. However, it must be smaller or equal
    // than BIT_SIZE. It can be converted to Int4 to simplify.
    return FoldElementalIntrinsic<T, T, T, Int4>(context, std::move(funcRef),
        ScalarFunc<T, T, T, Int4>(
            [&fptr](const Scalar<T> &i, const Scalar<T> &j,
                const Scalar<Int4> &shift) -> Scalar<T> {
              return std::invoke(fptr, i, j, static_cast<int>(shift.ToInt64()));
            }));
  } else if (name == "exponent") {
    if (auto *sx{UnwrapExpr<Expr<SomeReal>>(args[0])}) {
      return std::visit(
          [&funcRef, &context](const auto &x) -> Expr<T> {
            using TR = typename std::decay_t<decltype(x)>::Result;
            return FoldElementalIntrinsic<T, TR>(context, std::move(funcRef),
                &Scalar<TR>::template EXPONENT<Scalar<T>>);
          },
          sx->u);
    } else {
      DIE("exponent argument must be real");
    }
  } else if (name == "huge") {
    return Expr<T>{Scalar<T>::HUGE()};
  } else if (name == "iachar" || name == "ichar") {
    auto *someChar{UnwrapExpr<Expr<SomeCharacter>>(args[0])};
    CHECK(someChar);
    if (auto len{ToInt64(someChar->LEN())}) {
      if (len.value() != 1) {
        // Do not die, this was not checked before
        context.messages().Say(
            "Character in intrinsic function %s must have length one"_en_US,
            name);
      } else {
        return std::visit(
            [&funcRef, &context](const auto &str) -> Expr<T> {
              using Char = typename std::decay_t<decltype(str)>::Result;
              return FoldElementalIntrinsic<T, Char>(context,
                  std::move(funcRef),
                  ScalarFunc<T, Char>([](const Scalar<Char> &c) {
                    return Scalar<T>{CharacterUtils<Char::kind>::ICHAR(c)};
                  }));
            },
            someChar->u);
      }
    }
  } else if (name == "iand" || name == "ior" || name == "ieor") {
    auto fptr{&Scalar<T>::IAND};
    if (name == "iand") { // done in fptr declaration
    } else if (name == "ior") {
      fptr = &Scalar<T>::IOR;
    } else if (name == "ieor") {
      fptr = &Scalar<T>::IEOR;
    } else {
      common::die("missing case to fold intrinsic function %s", name.c_str());
    }
    return FoldElementalIntrinsic<T, T, T>(
        context, std::move(funcRef), ScalarFunc<T, T, T>(fptr));
  } else if (name == "ibclr" || name == "ibset" || name == "ishft" ||
      name == "shifta" || name == "shiftr" || name == "shiftl") {
    // Second argument can be of any kind. However, it must be smaller or
    // equal than BIT_SIZE. It can be converted to Int4 to simplify.
    auto fptr{&Scalar<T>::IBCLR};
    if (name == "ibclr") { // done in fprt definition
    } else if (name == "ibset") {
      fptr = &Scalar<T>::IBSET;
    } else if (name == "ishft") {
      fptr = &Scalar<T>::ISHFT;
    } else if (name == "shifta") {
      fptr = &Scalar<T>::SHIFTA;
    } else if (name == "shiftr") {
      fptr = &Scalar<T>::SHIFTR;
    } else if (name == "shiftl") {
      fptr = &Scalar<T>::SHIFTL;
    } else {
      common::die("missing case to fold intrinsic function %s", name.c_str());
    }
    return FoldElementalIntrinsic<T, T, Int4>(context, std::move(funcRef),
        ScalarFunc<T, T, Int4>(
            [&fptr](const Scalar<T> &i, const Scalar<Int4> &pos) -> Scalar<T> {
              return std::invoke(fptr, i, static_cast<int>(pos.ToInt64()));
            }));
  } else if (name == "index" || name == "scan" || name == "verify") {
    if (auto *charExpr{UnwrapExpr<Expr<SomeCharacter>>(args[0])}) {
      return std::visit(
          [&](const auto &kch) -> Expr<T> {
            using TC = typename std::decay_t<decltype(kch)>::Result;
            if (UnwrapExpr<Expr<SomeLogical>>(args[2])) { // BACK=
              return FoldElementalIntrinsic<T, TC, TC, LogicalResult>(context,
                  std::move(funcRef),
                  ScalarFunc<T, TC, TC, LogicalResult>{
                      [&name](const Scalar<TC> &str, const Scalar<TC> &other,
                          const Scalar<LogicalResult> &back) -> Scalar<T> {
                        return name == "index"
                            ? CharacterUtils<TC::kind>::INDEX(
                                  str, other, back.IsTrue())
                            : name == "scan" ? CharacterUtils<TC::kind>::SCAN(
                                                   str, other, back.IsTrue())
                                             : CharacterUtils<TC::kind>::VERIFY(
                                                   str, other, back.IsTrue());
                      }});
            } else {
              return FoldElementalIntrinsic<T, TC, TC>(context,
                  std::move(funcRef),
                  ScalarFunc<T, TC, TC>{
                      [&name](const Scalar<TC> &str,
                          const Scalar<TC> &other) -> Scalar<T> {
                        return name == "index"
                            ? CharacterUtils<TC::kind>::INDEX(str, other)
                            : name == "scan"
                            ? CharacterUtils<TC::kind>::SCAN(str, other)
                            : CharacterUtils<TC::kind>::VERIFY(str, other);
                      }});
            }
          },
          charExpr->u);
    } else {
      DIE("first argument must be CHARACTER");
    }
  } else if (name == "int") {
    if (auto *expr{UnwrapExpr<Expr<SomeType>>(args[0])}) {
      return std::visit(
          [&](auto &&x) -> Expr<T> {
            using From = std::decay_t<decltype(x)>;
            if constexpr (std::is_same_v<From, BOZLiteralConstant> ||
                IsNumericCategoryExpr<From>()) {
              return Fold(context, ConvertToType<T>(std::move(x)));
            }
            DIE("int() argument type not valid");
          },
          std::move(expr->u));
    }
  } else if (name == "int_ptr_kind") {
    return Expr<T>{8};
  } else if (name == "kind") {
    if constexpr (common::HasMember<T, IntegerTypes>) {
      return Expr<T>{args[0].value().GetType()->kind()};
    } else {
      DIE("kind() result not integral");
    }
  } else if (name == "lbound") {
    return LBOUND(context, std::move(funcRef));
  } else if (name == "leadz" || name == "trailz" || name == "poppar" ||
      name == "popcnt") {
    if (auto *sn{UnwrapExpr<Expr<SomeInteger>>(args[0])}) {
      return std::visit(
          [&funcRef, &context, &name](const auto &n) -> Expr<T> {
            using TI = typename std::decay_t<decltype(n)>::Result;
            if (name == "poppar") {
              return FoldElementalIntrinsic<T, TI>(context, std::move(funcRef),
                  ScalarFunc<T, TI>([](const Scalar<TI> &i) -> Scalar<T> {
                    return Scalar<T>{i.POPPAR() ? 1 : 0};
                  }));
            }
            auto fptr{&Scalar<TI>::LEADZ};
            if (name == "leadz") { // done in fptr definition
            } else if (name == "trailz") {
              fptr = &Scalar<TI>::TRAILZ;
            } else if (name == "popcnt") {
              fptr = &Scalar<TI>::POPCNT;
            } else {
              common::die(
                  "missing case to fold intrinsic function %s", name.c_str());
            }
            return FoldElementalIntrinsic<T, TI>(context, std::move(funcRef),
                ScalarFunc<T, TI>([&fptr](const Scalar<TI> &i) -> Scalar<T> {
                  return Scalar<T>{std::invoke(fptr, i)};
                }));
          },
          sn->u);
    } else {
      DIE("leadz argument must be integer");
    }
  } else if (name == "len") {
    if (auto *charExpr{UnwrapExpr<Expr<SomeCharacter>>(args[0])}) {
      return std::visit(
          [&](auto &kx) {
            if (auto len{kx.LEN()}) {
              return Fold(context, ConvertToType<T>(*std::move(len)));
            } else {
              return Expr<T>{std::move(funcRef)};
            }
          },
          charExpr->u);
    } else {
      DIE("len() argument must be of character type");
    }
  } else if (name == "len_trim") {
    if (auto *charExpr{UnwrapExpr<Expr<SomeCharacter>>(args[0])}) {
      return std::visit(
          [&](const auto &kch) -> Expr<T> {
            using TC = typename std::decay_t<decltype(kch)>::Result;
            return FoldElementalIntrinsic<T, TC>(context, std::move(funcRef),
                ScalarFunc<T, TC>{[](const Scalar<TC> &str) -> Scalar<T> {
                  return CharacterUtils<TC::kind>::LEN_TRIM(str);
                }});
          },
          charExpr->u);
    } else {
      DIE("len_trim() argument must be of character type");
    }
  } else if (name == "maskl" || name == "maskr") {
    // Argument can be of any kind but value has to be smaller than BIT_SIZE.
    // It can be safely converted to Int4 to simplify.
    const auto fptr{name == "maskl" ? &Scalar<T>::MASKL : &Scalar<T>::MASKR};
    return FoldElementalIntrinsic<T, Int4>(context, std::move(funcRef),
        ScalarFunc<T, Int4>([&fptr](const Scalar<Int4> &places) -> Scalar<T> {
          return fptr(static_cast<int>(places.ToInt64()));
        }));
  } else if (name == "max") {
    return FoldMINorMAX(context, std::move(funcRef), Ordering::Greater);
  } else if (name == "max0" || name == "max1") {
    return RewriteSpecificMINorMAX(context, std::move(funcRef));
  } else if (name == "maxexponent") {
    if (auto *sx{UnwrapExpr<Expr<SomeReal>>(args[0])}) {
      return std::visit(
          [](const auto &x) {
            using TR = typename std::decay_t<decltype(x)>::Result;
            return Expr<T>{Scalar<TR>::MAXEXPONENT};
          },
          sx->u);
    }
  } else if (name == "merge") {
    return FoldMerge<T>(context, std::move(funcRef));
  } else if (name == "merge_bits") {
    return FoldElementalIntrinsic<T, T, T, T>(
        context, std::move(funcRef), &Scalar<T>::MERGE_BITS);
  } else if (name == "minexponent") {
    if (auto *sx{UnwrapExpr<Expr<SomeReal>>(args[0])}) {
      return std::visit(
          [](const auto &x) {
            using TR = typename std::decay_t<decltype(x)>::Result;
            return Expr<T>{Scalar<TR>::MINEXPONENT};
          },
          sx->u);
    }
  } else if (name == "min") {
    return FoldMINorMAX(context, std::move(funcRef), Ordering::Less);
  } else if (name == "min0" || name == "min1") {
    return RewriteSpecificMINorMAX(context, std::move(funcRef));
  } else if (name == "mod") {
    return FoldElementalIntrinsic<T, T, T>(context, std::move(funcRef),
        ScalarFuncWithContext<T, T, T>(
            [](FoldingContext &context, const Scalar<T> &x,
                const Scalar<T> &y) -> Scalar<T> {
              auto quotRem{x.DivideSigned(y)};
              if (quotRem.divisionByZero) {
                context.messages().Say("mod() by zero"_en_US);
              } else if (quotRem.overflow) {
                context.messages().Say("mod() folding overflowed"_en_US);
              }
              return quotRem.remainder;
            }));
  } else if (name == "modulo") {
    return FoldElementalIntrinsic<T, T, T>(context, std::move(funcRef),
        ScalarFuncWithContext<T, T, T>(
            [](FoldingContext &context, const Scalar<T> &x,
                const Scalar<T> &y) -> Scalar<T> {
              auto result{x.MODULO(y)};
              if (result.overflow) {
                context.messages().Say("modulo() folding overflowed"_en_US);
              }
              return result.value;
            }));
  } else if (name == "precision") {
    if (const auto *cx{UnwrapExpr<Expr<SomeReal>>(args[0])}) {
      return Expr<T>{std::visit(
          [](const auto &kx) {
            return Scalar<ResultType<decltype(kx)>>::PRECISION;
          },
          cx->u)};
    } else if (const auto *cx{UnwrapExpr<Expr<SomeComplex>>(args[0])}) {
      return Expr<T>{std::visit(
          [](const auto &kx) {
            return Scalar<typename ResultType<decltype(kx)>::Part>::PRECISION;
          },
          cx->u)};
    }
  } else if (name == "radix") {
    return Expr<T>{2};
  } else if (name == "range") {
    if (const auto *cx{UnwrapExpr<Expr<SomeInteger>>(args[0])}) {
      return Expr<T>{std::visit(
          [](const auto &kx) {
            return Scalar<ResultType<decltype(kx)>>::RANGE;
          },
          cx->u)};
    } else if (const auto *cx{UnwrapExpr<Expr<SomeReal>>(args[0])}) {
      return Expr<T>{std::visit(
          [](const auto &kx) {
            return Scalar<ResultType<decltype(kx)>>::RANGE;
          },
          cx->u)};
    } else if (const auto *cx{UnwrapExpr<Expr<SomeComplex>>(args[0])}) {
      return Expr<T>{std::visit(
          [](const auto &kx) {
            return Scalar<typename ResultType<decltype(kx)>::Part>::RANGE;
          },
          cx->u)};
    }
  } else if (name == "rank") {
    if (const auto *array{UnwrapExpr<Expr<SomeType>>(args[0])}) {
      if (auto named{ExtractNamedEntity(*array)}) {
        const Symbol &symbol{named->GetLastSymbol()};
        if (semantics::IsAssumedRankArray(symbol)) {
          // DescriptorInquiry can only be placed in expression of kind
          // DescriptorInquiry::Result::kind.
          return ConvertToType<T>(Expr<
              Type<TypeCategory::Integer, DescriptorInquiry::Result::kind>>{
              DescriptorInquiry{*named, DescriptorInquiry::Field::Rank}});
        }
      }
      return Expr<T>{args[0].value().Rank()};
    }
    return Expr<T>{args[0].value().Rank()};
  } else if (name == "selected_char_kind") {
    if (const auto *chCon{UnwrapExpr<Constant<TypeOf<std::string>>>(args[0])}) {
      if (std::optional<std::string> value{chCon->GetScalarValue()}) {
        int defaultKind{
            context.defaults().GetDefaultKind(TypeCategory::Character)};
        return Expr<T>{SelectedCharKind(*value, defaultKind)};
      }
    }
  } else if (name == "selected_int_kind") {
    if (auto p{GetInt64Arg(args[0])}) {
      return Expr<T>{SelectedIntKind(*p)};
    }
  } else if (name == "selected_real_kind" ||
      name == "__builtin_ieee_selected_real_kind") {
    if (auto p{GetInt64ArgOr(args[0], 0)}) {
      if (auto r{GetInt64ArgOr(args[1], 0)}) {
        if (auto radix{GetInt64ArgOr(args[2], 2)}) {
          return Expr<T>{SelectedRealKind(*p, *r, *radix)};
        }
      }
    }
  } else if (name == "shape") {
    if (auto shape{GetShape(context, args[0])}) {
      if (auto shapeExpr{AsExtentArrayExpr(*shape)}) {
        return Fold(context, ConvertToType<T>(std::move(*shapeExpr)));
      }
    }
  } else if (name == "sign") {
    return FoldElementalIntrinsic<T, T, T>(context, std::move(funcRef),
        ScalarFunc<T, T, T>(
            [&context](const Scalar<T> &j, const Scalar<T> &k) -> Scalar<T> {
              typename Scalar<T>::ValueWithOverflow result{j.SIGN(k)};
              if (result.overflow) {
                context.messages().Say(
                    "sign(integer(kind=%d)) folding overflowed"_en_US, KIND);
              }
              return result.value;
            }));
  } else if (name == "size") {
    if (auto shape{GetShape(context, args[0])}) {
      if (auto &dimArg{args[1]}) { // DIM= is present, get one extent
        if (auto dim{GetInt64Arg(args[1])}) {
          int rank{GetRank(*shape)};
          if (*dim >= 1 && *dim <= rank) {
            if (auto &extent{shape->at(*dim - 1)}) {
              return Fold(context, ConvertToType<T>(std::move(*extent)));
            }
          } else {
            context.messages().Say(
                "size(array,dim=%jd) dimension is out of range for rank-%d array"_en_US,
                *dim, rank);
          }
        }
      } else if (auto extents{common::AllElementsPresent(std::move(*shape))}) {
        // DIM= is absent; compute PRODUCT(SHAPE())
        ExtentExpr product{1};
        for (auto &&extent : std::move(*extents)) {
          product = std::move(product) * std::move(extent);
        }
        return Expr<T>{ConvertToType<T>(Fold(context, std::move(product)))};
      }
    }
  } else if (name == "sizeof") { // in bytes; extension
    if (auto info{
            characteristics::TypeAndShape::Characterize(args[0], context)}) {
      if (auto bytes{info->MeasureSizeInBytes(context)}) {
        return Expr<T>{Fold(context, ConvertToType<T>(std::move(*bytes)))};
      }
    }
  } else if (name == "storage_size") { // in bits
    if (auto info{
            characteristics::TypeAndShape::Characterize(args[0], context)}) {
      if (auto bytes{info->MeasureElementSizeInBytes(context, true)}) {
        return Expr<T>{
            Fold(context, Expr<T>{8} * ConvertToType<T>(std::move(*bytes)))};
      }
    }
  } else if (name == "ubound") {
    return UBOUND(context, std::move(funcRef));
  }
  // TODO:
  // cshift, dot_product, eoshift,
  // findloc, iall, iany, iparity, ibits, image_status, ishftc,
  // matmul, maxloc, maxval,
  // minloc, minval, not, pack, product, reduce,
  // sign, spread, sum, transfer, transpose, unpack
  return Expr<T>{std::move(funcRef)};
}

// Substitute a bare type parameter reference with its value if it has one now
Expr<TypeParamInquiry::Result> FoldOperation(
    FoldingContext &context, TypeParamInquiry &&inquiry) {
  std::optional<NamedEntity> base{inquiry.base()};
  parser::CharBlock parameterName{inquiry.parameter().name()};
  if (base) {
    // Handling "designator%typeParam".  Get the value of the type parameter
    // from the instantiation of the base
    if (const semantics::DeclTypeSpec *
        declType{base->GetLastSymbol().GetType()}) {
      if (const semantics::ParamValue *
          paramValue{
              declType->derivedTypeSpec().FindParameter(parameterName)}) {
        const semantics::MaybeIntExpr &paramExpr{paramValue->GetExplicit()};
        if (paramExpr && IsConstantExpr(*paramExpr)) {
          Expr<SomeInteger> intExpr{*paramExpr};
          return Fold(context,
              ConvertToType<TypeParamInquiry::Result>(std::move(intExpr)));
        }
      }
    }
  } else {
    // A "bare" type parameter: replace with its value, if that's now known.
    if (const auto *pdt{context.pdtInstance()}) {
      if (const semantics::Scope * scope{context.pdtInstance()->scope()}) {
        auto iter{scope->find(parameterName)};
        if (iter != scope->end()) {
          const Symbol &symbol{*iter->second};
          const auto *details{symbol.detailsIf<semantics::TypeParamDetails>()};
          if (details) {
            const semantics::MaybeIntExpr &initExpr{details->init()};
            if (initExpr && IsConstantExpr(*initExpr)) {
              Expr<SomeInteger> expr{*initExpr};
              return Fold(context,
                  ConvertToType<TypeParamInquiry::Result>(std::move(expr)));
            }
          }
        }
      }
      if (const auto *value{pdt->FindParameter(parameterName)}) {
        if (value->isExplicit()) {
          return Fold(context,
              AsExpr(ConvertToType<TypeParamInquiry::Result>(
                  Expr<SomeInteger>{value->GetExplicit().value()})));
        }
      }
    }
  }
  return AsExpr(std::move(inquiry));
}

std::optional<std::int64_t> ToInt64(const Expr<SomeInteger> &expr) {
  return std::visit(
      [](const auto &kindExpr) { return ToInt64(kindExpr); }, expr.u);
}

std::optional<std::int64_t> ToInt64(const Expr<SomeType> &expr) {
  if (const auto *intExpr{UnwrapExpr<Expr<SomeInteger>>(expr)}) {
    return ToInt64(*intExpr);
  } else {
    return std::nullopt;
  }
}

FOR_EACH_INTEGER_KIND(template class ExpressionBase, )
template class ExpressionBase<SomeInteger>;
} // namespace Fortran::evaluate