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diff --git a/article/gettext/ru/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml.po b/article/gettext/ru/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml.po new file mode 100644 index 0000000..43e83cb --- /dev/null +++ b/article/gettext/ru/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml.po @@ -0,0 +1,2908 @@ +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2010-10-22 00:23+0600\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: 2009-10-12 06:16+0400\n" +"Last-Translator: Automatically generated\n" +"Language-Team: none\n" +"Language: \n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" +"Plural-Forms: nplurals=3; plural=(n%10==1 && n%100!=11 ? 0 : n%10>=2 && n" +"%10<=4 && (n%100<10 || n%100>=20) ? 1 : 2);\n" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(guide:link):5 +msgid "/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):6 +msgid "LPI certification 101 (release 2) exam prep, Part 3" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(author:title):8 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(author:title):11 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(author:title):14 +msgid "Author" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(mail:link):9 +msgid "drobbins@gentoo.org" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(mail):9 +msgid "Daniel Robbins" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(mail:link):12 +msgid "chouser@gentoo.org" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(mail):12 +msgid "Chris Houser" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(mail:link):15 +msgid "agriffis@gentoo.org" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(mail):15 +msgid "Aron Griffis" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(abstract):18 +msgid "" +"In this tutorial we'll introduce you the Linux system documentation. We will " +"teach you how to change permissions and how to manage with Linux accounts. " +"At the end you'll learn how to tune your enviroment." +msgstr "" + +#. The original version of this article was first published on IBM +#. developerWorks, and is property of Westtech Information Services. This +#. document is an updated version of the original article, and contains +#. various improvements made by the Gentoo Linux Documentation team +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(version):29 +msgid "1.1" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(date):30 +msgid "2007-06-20" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):33 +msgid "Before You Start" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):35 +msgid "About this tutorial" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):38 +msgid "" +"Welcome to \"Intermediate administration,\" the third of four tutorials " +"designed to prepare you for the Linux Professional Institute's 101 (release " +"2) exam. This tutorial (Part 3) is ideal for those who want to improve their " +"knowledge of fundamental Linux administration skills. We'll cover a variety " +"of topics, including system and Internet documentation, the Linux " +"permissions model, user account management, and login environment tuning." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):47 +msgid "" +"If you are new to Linux, we recommend that you start with <uri link=\"/doc/" +"en/articles/lpi-101-fundamentals-p1.xml\">Part 1</uri> and <uri link=\"/doc/" +"en/articles/lpi-101-administration-p2.xml\">Part 2</uri>. For some, much of " +"this material will be new, but more experienced Linux users may find this " +"tutorial to be a great way of \"rounding out\" their foundational Linux " +"system administration skills." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):56 +msgid "" +"By the end of this series of tutorials (eight in all covering the LPI 101 " +"and 102 exams), you will have the knowledge you need to become a Linux " +"Systems Administrator and will be ready to attain an LPIC Level 1 " +"certification from the Linux Professional Institute if you so choose." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):63 +msgid "" +"For those who have taken the <uri link=\"http://www-106.ibm.com/" +"developerworks/edu/l-dw-linuxlpi3-i.html\">release 1 version</uri> of this " +"tutorial for reasons other than LPI exam preparation, you probably don't " +"need to take this one. However, if you do plan to take the exams, you should " +"strongly consider reading this revised tutorial." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):74 +msgid "About the authors" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):77 +msgid "" +"For technical questions about the content of this tutorial, contact the " +"authors:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(li):83 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(li):2255 +msgid "Daniel Robbins, at <mail>drobbins@gentoo.org</mail>" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(li):84 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(li):2256 +msgid "Chris Houser, at <mail>chouser@gentoo.org</mail>" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(li):85 +msgid "Aron Griffis, at<mail>agriffis@gentoo.org</mail>." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):88 +msgid "" +"Residing in Albuquerque, New Mexico, Daniel Robbins is the Chief Architect " +"of <uri link=\"http://www.gentoo.org/\">Gentoo Linux</uri> an advanced ports-" +"based Linux metadistribution. Besides writing articles, tutorials, and tips " +"for the developerWorks Linux zone and Intel Developer Services, he has also " +"served as a contributing author for several books, including Samba Unleashed " +"and SuSE Linux Unleashed. Daniel enjoys spending time with his wife, Mary, " +"and his daughter, Hadassah. You can contact Daniel at <mail>drobbins@gentoo." +"org</mail>." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):98 +msgid "" +"Chris Houser, known to his friends as \"Chouser,\" has been a UNIX proponent " +"since 1994 when he joined the administration team for the computer science " +"network at Taylor University in Indiana, where he earned his Bachelor's " +"degree in Computer Science and Mathematics. Since then, he has gone on to " +"work in Web application programming, user interface design, professional " +"video software support, and now Tru64 UNIX device driver programming at <uri " +"link=\"http://www.compaq.com/\">Compaq</uri>. He has also contributed to " +"various free software projects, most recently to <uri link=\"http://www." +"gentoo.org/\">Gentoo Linux</uri>). He lives with his wife and two cats in " +"New Hampshire. You can contact Chris at <mail>chouser@gentoo.org</mail>." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):112 +msgid "" +"Aron Griffis graduated from Taylor University with a degree in Computer " +"Science and an award that proclaimed, \"Future Founder of a Utopian UNIX " +"Commune.\" Working towards that goal, Aron is employed by <uri link=\"http://" +"www.compaq.com/\">Compaq</uri> writing network drivers for Tru64 UNIX, and " +"spending his spare time plunking out tunes on the piano or developing <uri " +"link=\"http://www.gentoo.org/\">Gentoo Linux</uri>. He lives with his wife " +"Amy (also a UNIX engineer) in Nashua, New Hampshire." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):127 +msgid "System and network documentation" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):129 +msgid "Types of Linux system documentation" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):132 +msgid "" +"There are essentially three sources of documentation on a Linux system: " +"manual pages, info pages, and application-bundled documentation in <path>/" +"usr/share/doc</path>. In this section, we'll explore each of these sources " +"before looking \"outside the box\" for more information." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):142 +msgid "Manual pages" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):145 +msgid "" +"Manual pages, or \"man pages\", are the classic form of UNIX and Linux " +"reference documentation. Ideally, you can look up the man page for any " +"command, configuration file, or library routine. In practice, Linux is free " +"software, and some pages haven't been written or are showing their age. " +"Nonetheless, man pages are the first place to look when you need help." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):153 +msgid "" +"To access a man page, simply type <c>man</c> followed by your topic of " +"inquiry. A pager will be started, so you will need to press <c>q</c> when " +"you're done reading. For example, to look up information about the <c>ls</c> " +"command, you would type:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):160 +msgid "Searching in man page" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):160 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"$ <i>man ls</i>\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):164 +msgid "" +"Knowing the layout of a man page can be helpful to jump quickly to the " +"information you need. In general, you will find the following sections in a " +"<c>man</c> page:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):172 +msgid "NAME" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):173 +msgid "Name and one-line description of the command" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):176 +msgid "SYNOPSIS" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):177 +msgid "How to use the command" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):180 +msgid "DESCRIPTION" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):181 +msgid "In-depth discussion on the functionality of the command" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):184 +msgid "EXAMPLES" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):185 +msgid "Suggestions for how to use the command" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):188 +msgid "SEE ALSO" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):189 +msgid "Related topics (usually man pages)" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):196 +msgid "man page sections" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):199 +msgid "" +"The files that comprise manual pages are stored in <path>/usr/share/man</" +"path> (or in <path>/usr/man</path> on some older systems). Inside that " +"directory, you will find that the manual pages are organized into the " +"following sections:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):207 +msgid "man1" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):208 +msgid "User programs" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):211 +msgid "man2" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):212 +msgid "System calls" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):215 +msgid "man3" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):216 +msgid "Library functions" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):219 +msgid "man4" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):220 +msgid "Special files" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):223 +msgid "man5" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):224 +msgid "File formats" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):227 +msgid "man6" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):228 +msgid "Games" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):231 +msgid "man7" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):232 +msgid "Miscellaneous" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):239 +msgid "Multiple man pages" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):242 +msgid "" +"Some topics exist in more than one section. To demonstrate this, let's use " +"the <c>whatis</c> command, which shows all the available man pages for a " +"topic:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):247 +msgid "Using whatis command" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):247 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"$ <i>whatis printf</i>\n" +"printf (1) - format and print data\n" +"printf (3) - formatted output conversion\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):253 +msgid "" +"In this case, <c>man printf</c> would default to the page in section 1 " +"(\"User Programs\"). If we were writing a C program, we might be more " +"interested in the page from section 3 (\"Library functions\"). You can call " +"up a man page from a certain section by specifying it on the command line, " +"so to ask for <e>printf(3)</e>, we would type:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):261 +msgid "Specifying section in man command" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):261 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"$ <i>man 3 printf</i>\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):268 +msgid "Finding the right man page" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):271 +msgid "" +"Sometimes it's hard to find the right man page for a given topic. In that " +"case, you might try using <c>man -k</c> to search the NAME section of the " +"man pages. Be warned that it's a substring search, so running something like " +"<c>man -k ls</c> will give you a lot of output! Here's an example using a " +"more specific query:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):279 +msgid "Searching man using man -k command" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):279 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"$ <i>man -k whatis</i>\n" +"apropos (1) - search the whatis database for strings\n" +"makewhatis (8) - Create the whatis database\n" +"whatis (1) - search the whatis database for complete words\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):289 +msgid "All about apropos" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):292 +msgid "" +"The example on the previous panel brings up a few more points. First, the " +"<c>apropos</c> command is exactly equivalent to <c>man -k</c>. (In fact, " +"I'll let you in on a little secret. When you run <c>man -k</c>, it actually " +"runs <c>apropos</c> behind the scenes.) The second point is the " +"<c>makewhatis</c> command, which scans all the man pages on your Linux " +"system and builds the database for <c>whatis</c> and <c>apropos</c>. Usually " +"this is run periodically by root to keep the database updated:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):302 +msgid "Building whatis and apropos database" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):302 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"# <i>makewhatis</i>\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):306 +msgid "" +"For more information on \"man\" and friends, you should start with its man " +"page:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):310 +msgid "Starting man page for man" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):310 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"$ <i>man man</i>\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):317 +msgid "The MANPATH" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):320 +msgid "" +"By default, the <c>man</c> program will look for man pages in <path>/usr/" +"share/man</path>, <path>/usr/local/man</path>, <path>/usr/X11R6/man</path>, " +"and possibly <path>/opt/man</path>. Sometimes, you may find that you need to " +"add an additional item to this search path. If so, simply edit <path>/etc/" +"man.conf</path> in a text editor and add a line that looks like this:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):329 +msgid "/etc/man.conf" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):329 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"MANPATH /opt/man\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):333 +msgid "" +"From that point forward, any man pages in the <path>/opt/man/man*</path> " +"directories will be found. Remember that you'll need to rerun <c>makewhatis</" +"c> to add these new man pages to the whatis database." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):342 +msgid "GNU info" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):345 +msgid "" +"One shortcoming of man pages is that they don't support hypertext, so you " +"can't jump easily from one to another. The GNU folks recognized this " +"shortcoming, so they invented another documentation format: \"info\" pages. " +"Many of the GNU programs come with extensive documentation in the form of " +"info pages. You can start reading info pages with the <c>info</c> command:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):353 +msgid "Using info command" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):353 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"$ <i>info</i>\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):357 +msgid "" +"Calling <c>info</c> in this way will bring up an index of the available " +"pages on the system. You can move around with the arrow keys, follow links " +"(indicated with a star) using the Enter key, and quit by pressing <c>q</c>. " +"The keys are based on Emacs, so you should be able to navigate easily if " +"you're familiar with that editor. For an intro to the Emacs editor, see the " +"developerWorks tutorial, <uri link=\"http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/" +"edu/l-dw-linuxemacs-i.html\">Living in Emacs</uri>." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):368 +msgid "You can also specify an info page on the command line:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):372 +msgid "Specifying info command" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):372 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"$ <i>info diff</i>\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):376 +msgid "" +"For more information on using the <c>info</c> reader, try reading its info " +"page. You should be able to navigate primitively using the few keys I've " +"already mentioned:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):382 +msgid "Reading info info page" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):382 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"$ <i>info info</i>\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):389 +msgid "/usr/share/doc" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):392 +msgid "" +"There is a final source for help within your Linux system. Many programs are " +"shipped with additional documentation in other formats: text, PDF, " +"PostScript, HTML, to name a few. Take a look in <path>usr/share/doc</path> " +"(or <path>/usr/doc</path> on older systems). You'll find a long list of " +"directories, each of which came with a certain application on your system. " +"Searching through this documentation can often reveal some gems that aren't " +"available as man pages or info pages, such as tutorials or additional " +"technical documentation. A quick check reveals there's a lot of reading " +"material available:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):404 +msgid "/usr/share/doc/" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):404 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"$ <i>cd /usr/share/doc</i>\n" +"$ <i>find . -type f | wc -l</i>\n" +"7582\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):410 +msgid "" +"Whew! Your homework this evening is to read just half (3791) of those " +"documents. Expect a quiz tomorrow. ;-)" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):418 +msgid "The Linux Documentation Project" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):421 +msgid "" +"In addition to system documentation, there are a number of excellent Linux " +"resources on the Internet. The <uri link=\"http://www.tldp.org/\">Linux " +"Documentation Project</uri> is a group of volunteers who are working on " +"putting together the complete set of free Linux documentation. This project " +"exists to consolidate various pieces of Linux documentation into a location " +"that is easy to search and use." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):433 +msgid "An LDP overview" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):436 +msgid "The LDP is made up of the following areas:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(li):441 +msgid "" +"Guides - longer, more in-depth books, such as <uri link=\"http://www.tldp." +"org/LDP/lpg/index.html\">The Linux Programmer's Guide</uri>" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(li):446 +msgid "" +"HOWTOs - subject-specific help, such as the <uri link=\"http://www.tldp.org/" +"HOWTO/DSL-HOWTO/index.html\">DSL HOWTO</uri>" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(li):450 +msgid "" +"FAQs - Frequently Asked Questions with answers, such as the <uri link=" +"\"http://www.tldp.org/FAQ/faqs/BLFAQ\">Brief Linux FAQ</uri>" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(li):454 +msgid "" +"Man pages - help on individual commands (these are the same manual pages you " +"get on your Linux system when you use the <c>man</c> command)." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):460 +msgid "" +"If you aren't sure which section to peruse, you can take advantage of the " +"search box, which allows you to find things by topic." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):465 +msgid "" +"The LDP additionally provides a list of Links and Resources such as <uri " +"link=\"http://www.tldp.org/LDP/LG/current/\">Linux Gazette</uri> (see links " +"in <uri link=\"#resources\">Resources</uri>) and <uri link=\"http://www.tldp." +"org/linuxfocus/index.html\">LinuxFocus</uri>, as well links to mailing lists " +"and news archives." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):476 +msgid "Mailing lists" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):479 +msgid "" +"Mailing lists provide probably the most important point of collaboration for " +"Linux developers. Often projects are developed by contributors who live far " +"apart, possibly even on opposite sides of the globe. Mailing lists provide a " +"method for each developer on a project to contact all the others, and to " +"hold group discussions via e-mail. One of the most famous development " +"mailing lists is the <uri link=\"http://www.tux.org/lkml/\">Linux Kernel " +"Mailing List</uri>." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):491 +msgid "More about mailing lists" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):494 +msgid "" +"In addition to development, mailing lists can provide a method for asking " +"questions and receiving answers from knowledgeable developers, or even other " +"users. For example, individual distributions often provide mailing lists for " +"newcomers. You can check your distribution's Web site for information on the " +"mailing lists it provides." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):502 +msgid "" +"If you took the time to read the LKML FAQ at the link on the previous panel, " +"you might have noticed that mailing list subscribers often don't take kindly " +"to questions being asked repeatedly. It's always wise to search the archives " +"for a given mailing list before writing your question. Chances are, it will " +"save you time, too!" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):513 +msgid "Newsgroups" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):516 +msgid "" +"Internet \"newsgroups\" are similar to mailing lists, but are based on a " +"protocol called NNTP (\"Network News Transfer Protocol\") instead of e-mail. " +"To participate, you need to use an NNTP client such as <c>slrn</c> or " +"<c>pan</c>. The primary advantage is that you only take part in the " +"discussion when you want, instead of having it continually arrive in your " +"inbox. :-)" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):524 +msgid "" +"The newsgroups of primary interest start with comp.os.linux. You can browse " +"the <uri link=\"http://www.tldp.org/links/#ng\">list on the LDP site</uri>." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):529 +msgid "" +"As with mailing lists, newsgroup discussion is often archived. A popular " +"newsgroup archiving site is <uri link=\"http://groups.google.com/" +"googlegroups/deja_announcement.html\">Deja News</uri>." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):539 +msgid "Vendor and third-party Web sites" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):542 +msgid "" +"Web sites for the various Linux distributions often provide updated " +"documentation, installation instructions, hardware compatibility/" +"incompatibility statements, and other support such as a knowledge base " +"search tool. For example:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(uri:link):550 +msgid "http://www.redhat.com/" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(uri):550 +msgid "Redhat Linux" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(uri:link):551 +msgid "http://www.debian.org/" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(uri):551 +msgid "Debian Linux" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(uri:link):552 +msgid "http://www.gentoo.org/" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(uri):552 +msgid "Gentoo Linux" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(uri:link):553 +msgid "http://www.suse.com/" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(uri):553 +msgid "SuSE Linux" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(uri:link):554 +msgid "http://www.caldera.com/" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(uri):554 +msgid "Caldera" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(uri:link):555 +msgid "http://www.turbolinux.com/" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(uri):555 +msgid "Turbolinux" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):561 +msgid "Hardware and software vendors" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):564 +msgid "" +"Many hardware and software vendors have added Linux support to their " +"products in recent years. At their sites, you can find information about " +"which hardware supports Linux, software development tools, released sources, " +"downloads of Linux drivers for specific hardware, and other special Linux " +"projects. For example:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(uri:link):573 +msgid "http://www.ibm.com/linux/" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(uri):573 +msgid "IBM and Linux" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(uri:link):575 +msgid "http://www.compaq.com/products/software/linux/" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(uri):575 +msgid "Compaq and Linux" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(uri:link):579 +msgid "http://www.sgi.com/developers/technology/linux/" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(uri):579 +msgid "SGI and Linux" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(uri:link):582 +msgid "http://www.hp.com/products1/linux/" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(uri):582 +msgid "HP and Linux" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(uri:link):583 +msgid "http://www.sun.com/linux/" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(uri):583 +msgid "Sun and Linux" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(li):584 +msgid "" +"<uri link=\"http://technet.oracle.com/tech/linux/content.html\">Oracle and " +"Linux</uri>." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):593 +msgid "Developer resources" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):596 +msgid "" +"In addition, many hardware and software vendors have developed wonderful " +"resources for Linux developers and administrators. At the risk of sounding " +"self-promoting, one of the most valuable Linux resources run by a hardware/" +"software vendor is the <uri link=\"http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/" +"\">IBM developerWorks Linux zone</uri>." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):610 +msgid "The Linux permissions model" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):612 +msgid "One user, one group" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):615 +msgid "" +"In this section, we'll take a look at the Linux permissions and ownership " +"model. We've already seen that every file is owned by one user and one " +"group. This is the very core of the permissions model in Linux. You can view " +"the user and group of a file in a <c>ls -l</c> listing:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):622 +msgid "Listing files" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):622 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):645 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):672 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"$ <i>ls -l /bin/bash</i>\n" +"-rwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel 430540 Dec 23 18:27 /bin/bash\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):627 +msgid "" +"In this particular example, the <path>/bin/bash</path> executable is owned " +"by root and is in the wheel group. The Linux permissions model works by " +"allowing three independent levels of permission to be set for each " +"filesystem object -- those for the file's owner, the file's group, and all " +"other users." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):637 +msgid "Understanding \"ls -l\"" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):640 +msgid "" +"Let's take a look at our <c>ls -l</c> output and inspect the first column of " +"the listing:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):645 +msgid "Inspecting ls -l command" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):650 +msgid "" +"This first field <e>-rwxr-xr-</e> contains a symbolic representation of this " +"particular files' permissions. The first character (-) in this field " +"specifies the type of this file, which in this case is a regular file. Other " +"possible first characters:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):657 +msgid "First characters" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):657 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"'d' directory\n" +"'l' symbolic link\n" +"'c' character special device \n" +"'b' block special device\n" +"'p' fifo\n" +"'s' socket\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):669 +msgid "Three triplets" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):672 +msgid "ls -l /bin/bash" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):677 +msgid "" +"The rest of the field consists of three character triplets. The first " +"triplet represents permissions for the owner of the file, the second " +"represents permissions for the file's group, and the third represents " +"permissions for all other users:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):684 +msgid "Triplets in ls -l command" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):684 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"\"rwx\"\n" +"\"r-x\"\n" +"\"r-x\"\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):690 +msgid "" +"Above, the r means that reading (looking at the data in the file) is " +"allowed, the w means that writing (modifying the file, as well as deletion) " +"is allowed, and the x means that \"execute\" (running the program) is " +"allowed. Putting together all this information, we can see that everyone is " +"able to read the contents of and execute this file, but only the owner " +"(root) is allowed to modify this file in any way. So, while normal users can " +"copy this file, only root is allowed to update it or delete it." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):703 +msgid "Who am I?" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):706 +msgid "" +"Before we take a look at how to change the user and group ownership of a " +"file, let's first take a look at how to learn your current user id and group " +"membership. Unless you've used the <c>su</c> command recently, your current " +"user id is the one you used to log in to the system. If you use <c>su</c> " +"frequently, however, you may not remember your current effective user id. To " +"view it, type <c>whoami</c>:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):715 +msgid "Using whoami command" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):715 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"# <i>whoami</i>\n" +"root\n" +"# <i>su drobbins</i>\n" +"$ <i>whoami</i>\n" +"drobbins\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):726 +msgid "What groups am I in?" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):729 +msgid "To see what groups you belong to, use the <c>groups</c> command:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):733 +msgid "Using groups command" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):733 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"$ <i>groups</i>\n" +"drobbins wheel audio\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):738 +msgid "" +"In the above example, I'm a member of the drobbins, wheel, and audio groups. " +"If you want to see what groups other user(s) are in, specify their usernames " +"as arguments:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):744 +msgid "Specifying user argument" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):744 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"$ <i>groups root daemon</i>\n" +"root : root bin daemon sys adm disk wheel floppy dialout tape video\n" +"daemon : daemon bin adm\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):753 +msgid "Changing user and group ownership" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):756 +msgid "" +"To change the owner or group of a file or other filesystem object, use " +"<c>chown</c> or <c>chgrp</c>, respectively. Each of these commands takes a " +"name followed by one or more filenames." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):762 +msgid "Using chown and chgrp commands" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):762 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"# <i>chown root /etc/passwd</i>\n" +"# <i>chgrp wheel /etc/passwd</i>\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):767 +msgid "" +"You can also set the owner and group simultaneously with an alternate form " +"of the <c>chown</c> command:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):772 +msgid "Setting owner and group simultaneously" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):772 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"# <i>chown root:wheel /etc/passwd</i>\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):776 +msgid "" +"You may not use <c>chown</c> unless you are the superuser, but <c>chgrp</c> " +"can be used by anyone to change the group ownership of a file to a group to " +"which they belong." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):785 +msgid "Recursive ownership changes" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):788 +msgid "" +"Both <c>chown</c> and <c>chgrp</c> have a -R option that can be used to tell " +"them to recursively apply ownership and group changes to an entire directory " +"tree. For example:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):794 +msgid "Using chown and chgrp with -R option" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):794 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"# <i>chown -R drobbins /home/drobbins</i>\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):801 +msgid "Introducing chmod" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):804 +msgid "" +"<c>chown</c> and <c>chgrp</c> can be used to change the owner and group of a " +"filesystem object, but another program -- called <c>chmod</c> -- is used to " +"change the rwx permissions that we can see in an <c>ls -l</c> listing. " +"<c>chmod</c> takes two or more arguments: a \"mode\", describing how the " +"permissions should be changed, followed by a file or list of files that " +"should be affected:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):813 +msgid "Adding x permission with chmod" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):813 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"$ <i>chmod +x scriptfile.sh</i>\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):817 +msgid "" +"In the above example, our \"mode\" is +x. As you might guess, a +x mode " +"tells <c>chmod</c> to make this particular file executable for both the user " +"and group and for anyone else." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):823 +msgid "If we wanted to remove all execute permissions of a file, we'd do this:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):827 +msgid "Removing x permission with chmod" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):827 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"$ <i>chmod -x scriptfile.sh</i>\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):834 +msgid "User/group/other granularity" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):837 +msgid "" +"So far, our <c>chmod</c> examples have affected permissions for all three " +"triplets -- the user, the group, and all others. Often, it's handy to modify " +"only one or two triplets at a time. To do this, simply specify the symbolic " +"character for the particular triplets you'd like to modify before the + or - " +"sign. Use u for the \"user\" triplet, g for the \"group\" triplet, and o for " +"the \"other/everyone\" triplet:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):846 +msgid "Using triplets" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):846 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"$ <i>chmod go-w scriptfile.sh</i>\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):850 +msgid "" +"We just removed write permissions for the group and all other users, but " +"left \"owner\" permissions untouched." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):858 +msgid "Resetting permissions" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):861 +msgid "" +"In addition to flipping permission bits on and off, we can also reset them " +"altogether. By using the = operator, we can tell <c>chmod</c> that we want " +"the specified permissions and no others:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):867 +msgid "Flipping permission bits" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):867 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"$ <i>chmod =rx scriptfile.sh</i>\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):871 +msgid "" +"Above, we just set all \"read\" and \"execute\" bits, and unset all \"write" +"\" bits. If you just want to reset a particular triplet, you can specify the " +"symbolic name for the triplet before the = as follows:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):877 +msgid "Reseting triplet" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):877 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"$ <i>chmod u=rx scriptfile.sh</i>\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):884 +msgid "Numeric modes" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):887 +msgid "" +"Up until now, we've used what are called symbolic modes to specify " +"permission changes to <c>chmod</c>. However, there's another common way of " +"specifying permissions: using a 4-digit octal number. Using this syntax, " +"called numeric permissions syntax, each digit represents a permissions " +"triplet. For example, in 1777, the 777 sets the \"owner\", \"group\", and " +"\"other\" flags that we've been discussing in this section. The 1 is used to " +"set the special permissions bits, which we'll cover later (see \"<uri link=" +"\"https://www6.software.ibm.com/developerworks/education/l-lpir23/l-" +"lpir23-3-23.html\">The elusive first digit</uri>\" at the end of this " +"section). This chart shows how the second through fourth digits (777) are " +"interpreted:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(th):902 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(th):1005 +msgid "Mode" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(th):903 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(th):1006 +msgid "Digit" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):906 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1009 +msgid "rwx" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):907 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1010 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1268 +msgid "7" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):910 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1013 +msgid "rw-" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):911 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1014 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1274 +msgid "6" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):914 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1017 +msgid "r-x" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):915 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1018 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1280 +msgid "5" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):918 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1021 +msgid "r--" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):919 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1022 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1286 +msgid "4" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):922 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1025 +msgid "-wx" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):923 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1026 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1292 +msgid "3" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):926 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1029 +msgid "-w-" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):927 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1030 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1298 +msgid "2" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):930 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1033 +msgid "--x" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):931 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1034 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1304 +msgid "1" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):934 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1037 +msgid "---" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):935 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1038 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1310 +msgid "0" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):942 +msgid "Numeric permission syntax" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):945 +msgid "" +"Numeric permission syntax is especially useful when you need to specify all " +"permissions for a file, such as in the following example:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):950 +msgid "Adding numeric permission" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):950 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"$ <i>chmod 0755 scriptfile.sh</i>\n" +"$ <i>ls -l scriptfile.sh</i>\n" +"-rwxr-xr-x 1 drobbins drobbins 0 Jan 9 17:44 scriptfile.sh\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):956 +msgid "" +"In this example, we used a mode of 0755, which expands to a complete " +"permissions setting of -rwxr-xr-x." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):964 +msgid "The umask" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):967 +msgid "" +"When a process creates a new file, it specifies the permissions that it " +"would like the new file to have. Often, the mode requested is 0666 (readable " +"and writable by everyone), which is more permissive that we would like. " +"Fortunately, Linux consults something called a \"umask\" whenever a new file " +"is created. The system uses the umask value to reduce the originally " +"specified permissions to something more reasonable and secure. You can view " +"your current umask setting by typing umask at the command line:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):977 +msgid "Viewing current umask" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):977 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"$ <i>umask</i>\n" +"0022\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):982 +msgid "" +"On Linux systems, the umask normally defaults to 0022, which allows others " +"to read your new files (if they can get to them) but not modify them." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):987 +msgid "" +"To make new files more secure by default, you can change the umask setting:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):991 +msgid "Changing umask setting" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):991 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"$ <i>umask 0077</i>\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):995 +msgid "" +"This umask will make sure that the group and others will have absolutely no " +"permissions for any newly created files. So, how does the umask work? Unlike " +"\"regular\" permissions on files, the umask specifies which permissions " +"should be turned off. Let's consult our mode-to-digit mapping table so that " +"we can understand what a umask of 0077 means:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1042 +msgid "" +"Using our table, the last three digits of 0077 expand to ---rwxrwx. Now, " +"remember that the <c>umask</c> tells the system which permissions to " +"disable. Putting two and two together, we can see that all \"group\" and " +"\"other\" permissions will be turned off, while \"user\" permissions will " +"remain untouched." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):1052 +msgid "Introducing suid and sgid" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1055 +msgid "" +"When you initially log in, a new shell process is started. You already know " +"that, but you may not know that this new shell process (typically bash) runs " +"using your user id. As such, the bash program can access all files and " +"directories that you own. In fact, we as users are totally dependent on " +"other programs to perform operations on our behalf. Because the programs you " +"start inherit your user id, they cannot access any filesystem objects for " +"which you haven't been granted access." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1065 +msgid "" +"For example, the passwd file cannot be changed by normal users directly, " +"because the \"write\" flag is off for every user except root:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):1070 +msgid "ls -l /etc/passwd" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):1070 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"$ <i>ls -l /etc/passwd</i>\n" +"-rw-r--r-- 1 root wheel 1355 Nov 1 21:16 /etc/passwd\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1075 +msgid "" +"However, normal users do need to be able to modify /etc/passwd (at least " +"indirectly) whenever they need to change their password. But, if the user is " +"unable to modify this file, how exactly does this work?" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):1084 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(th):1259 +msgid "suid" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1087 +msgid "" +"Thankfully, the Linux permissions model has two special bits called <c>suid</" +"c> and <c>sgid</c>. When an executable program has the <c>suid</c> bit set, " +"it will run on behalf of the owner of the executable, rather than on behalf " +"of the person who started the program." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1094 +msgid "" +"Now, back to the <path>/etc/passwd</path> problem. If we take a look at the " +"<c>passwd</c> executable, we can see that it's owned by root:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):1099 +msgid "Checking owner of /usr/bin/passwd file" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):1099 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"$ <i>ls -l /usr/bin/passwd</i>\n" +"-rwsr-xr-x 1 root wheel 17588 Sep 24 00:53 /usr/bin/passwd\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1104 +msgid "" +"You'll also note that in place of an x in the user's permission triplet, " +"there's an s. This indicates that, for this particular program, the <c>suid</" +"c> and executable bits are set. Because of this, when <c>passwd</c> runs, it " +"will execute on behalf of the root user (with full superuser access) rather " +"than that of the user who ran it. And because <c>passwd</c> runs with root " +"access, it's able to modify the <path>/etc/passwd</path> file with no " +"problem." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):1116 +msgid "suid/sgid caveats" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1119 +msgid "" +"We've seen how <c>suid</c> works, and <c>sgid</c> works in a similar way. It " +"allows programs to inherit the group ownership of the program rather than " +"that of the current user." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(impo):1125 +msgid "" +"Here's some miscellaneous yet important information about <c>suid</c> and " +"<c>sgid</c>. First, <c>suid</c> and <c>sgid</c> bits occupy the same space " +"as the x bits in a ls -l listing. If the x bit is also set, the respective " +"bits will show up as s (lowercase). However, if the x bit is not set, it " +"will show up as a S (uppercase)." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(impo):1133 +msgid "" +"Another important note: suid and sgid come in handy in many circumstances, " +"but improper use of these bits can allow the security of a system to be " +"breached. It's best to have as few suid programs as possible. The passwd " +"command is one of the few that must be suid." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):1143 +msgid "Changing suid and sgid" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1146 +msgid "" +"Setting and removing the <c>suid</c> and <c>sgid</c> bits is fairly " +"straightforward. Here, we set the suid bit:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):1151 +msgid "Setting suid bit" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):1151 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"# <i>chmod u+s /usr/bin/myapp</i>\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1155 +msgid "" +"And here, we remove the <c>sgid</c> bit from a directory. We'll see how the " +"<c>sgid</c> bit affects directories in just a few panels:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):1160 +msgid "Removing sgid bit" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):1160 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"# <i>chmod g-s /home/drobbins</i>\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):1167 +msgid "Permissions and directories" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1170 +msgid "" +"So far, we've been looking at permissions from the perspective of regular " +"files. When it comes to directories, things are a bit different. Directories " +"use the same permissions flags, but they are interpreted to mean slightly " +"different things." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1177 +msgid "" +"For a directory, if the \"read\" flag is set, you may list the contents of " +"the directory; \"write\" means you may create files in the directory; and " +"\"execute\" means you may enter the directory and access any sub-directories " +"inside. Without the \"execute\" flag, the filesystem objects inside a " +"directory aren't accessible. Without a \"read\" flag, the filesystem objects " +"inside a directory aren't viewable, but objects inside the directory can " +"still be accessed as long as someone knows the full path to the object on " +"disk." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):1190 +msgid "Directories and sgid" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1193 +msgid "" +"And, if a directory has the \"sgid\" flag enabled, any filesystem objects " +"created inside it will inherit the group of the directory. This particular " +"feature comes in handy when you need to create a directory tree to be used " +"by a group of people that all belong to the same group. Simply do this:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):1200 +msgid "Creating directory for a group of people" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):1200 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"# <i>mkdir /home/groupspace</i>\n" +"# <i>chgrp mygroup /home/groupspace</i>\n" +"# <i>chmod g+s /home/groupspace</i>\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1206 +msgid "" +"Now, any users in the group mygroup can create files or directories inside " +"<path>/home/groupspace</path>, and they will be automatically assigned a " +"group ownership of mygroup as well. Depending on the users' umask setting, " +"new filesystem objects may or may not be readable, writable, or executable " +"by other members of the mygroup group." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):1217 +msgid "Directories and deletion" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1220 +msgid "" +"By default, Linux directories behave in a way that may not be ideal in all " +"situations. Normally, anyone can rename or delete a file inside a directory, " +"as long as they have write access to that directory. For directories used by " +"individual users, this behavior is usually just fine." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1227 +msgid "" +"However, for directories that are used by many users, especially <path>/tmp</" +"path> and <path>/var/tmp</path>, this behavior can be bad news. Since anyone " +"can write to these directories, anyone can delete or rename anyone else's " +"files -- even if they don't own them! Obviously, it's hard to use <path>/" +"tmp</path> for anything meaningful when any other user can type <c>rm -rf /" +"tmp/*</c> at any time and destroy everyone's files." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1236 +msgid "" +"Thankfully, Linux has something called the sticky bit. When <path>/tmp</" +"path> has the sticky bit set (with a <c>chmod +t</c>), the only people who " +"are able to delete or rename files in <path>/tmp</path> are the directory's " +"owner (typically root), the file's owner, or root. Virtually all Linux " +"distributions enable <path>/tmp</path>'s sticky bit by default, but you may " +"find that the sticky bit comes in handy in other situations." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):1248 +msgid "The elusive first digit" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1251 +msgid "" +"And to conclude this section, we finally take a look at the elusive first " +"digit of a numeric mode. As you can see, this first digit is used for " +"setting the sticky, <c>suid</c>, and <c>sgid</c> bits:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(th):1260 +msgid "sgid" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(th):1261 +msgid "sticky" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(th):1262 +msgid "mode digit" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1265 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1266 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1267 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1271 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1272 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1277 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1279 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1283 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1290 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1291 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1296 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1303 +msgid "on" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1273 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1278 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1284 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1285 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1289 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1295 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1297 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1301 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1302 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1307 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1308 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1309 +msgid "off" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1314 +msgid "" +"Here's an example of how to use a 4-digit numeric mode to set permissions " +"for a directory that will be used by a workgroup:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):1319 +msgid "Setting numeric permissions" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):1319 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"# <i>chmod 1775 /home/groupfiles</i>\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1323 +msgid "" +"As homework, figure out the meaning of the 1755 numeric permissions " +"setting. :)" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):1332 +msgid "Linux account managment" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):1334 +msgid "Introducing /etc/passwd" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1337 +msgid "" +"In this section, we'll look at the Linux account management mechanism, " +"starting with the <path>/etc/passwd</path> file, which defines all the users " +"that exist on a Linux system. You can view your own <path>/etc/passwd</path> " +"file by typing less <path>/etc/passwd</path>." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1344 +msgid "" +"Each line in <path>/etc/passwd</path> defines a user account. Here's an " +"example line from my <path>/etc/passwd</path> file:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):1349 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):1561 +msgid "/etc/passwd" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):1349 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"drobbins:x:1000:1000:Daniel Robbins:/home/drobbins:/bin/bash\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1353 +msgid "" +"As you can see, there is quite a bit of information on this line. In fact, " +"each <path>/etc/passwd</path> line consists of multiple fields, each " +"separated by a :." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1359 +msgid "" +"The first field defines the username (drobbins)), and the second field " +"contains an x. On ancient Linux systems, this field contained an encrypted " +"password to be used for authentication, but virtually all Linux systems now " +"store this password information in another file." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1366 +msgid "" +"The third field (1000) defines the numeric user id associated with this " +"particular user, and the fourth field (1000) associates this user with a " +"particular group; in a few panels, we'll see where group 1000 is defined." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1372 +msgid "" +"The fifth field contains a textual description of this account -- in this " +"case, the user's name. The sixth field defines this user's home directory, " +"and the seventh field specifies the user's default shell -- the one that " +"will be automatically started when this user logs in." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):1382 +msgid "/etc/passwd tips and tricks" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1385 +msgid "" +"You've probably noticed that there are many more user accounts defined in " +"<path>/etc/passwd</path> than actually log in to your system. This is " +"because various Linux components use user accounts to enhance security. " +"Typically, these system accounts have a user id (\"uid\") of under 100, and " +"many of them will have something like /bin/false listed as a default shell. " +"Since the <path>/bin/false</path> program does nothing but exit with an " +"error code, this effectively prevents these accounts from being used as " +"login accounts -- they are for internal use only." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):1399 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):1410 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):1590 +msgid "/etc/shadow" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1402 +msgid "" +"So, user accounts themselves are defined in <path>/etc/passwd</path>. Linux " +"systems contain a companion file to <path>/etc/passwd</path> that's called " +"<path>/etc/shadow</path>. This file, unlike <path>/etc/passwd</path>, is " +"readable only by root and contains encrypted password information. Let's " +"look at a sample line from <path>/etc/shadow</path>:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):1410 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):1590 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"drobbins:$1$1234567890123456789012345678901:11664:0:-1:-1:-1:-1:0\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1414 +msgid "" +"Each line defines password information for a particular account, and again, " +"each field is separated by a :. The first field defines the particular user " +"account with which this shadow entry is associated. The second field " +"contains an encrypted password. The remaining fields are described in the " +"following table:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1424 +msgid "field 3" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1425 +msgid "# of days since 1/1/1970 that the password was modified" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1428 +msgid "field 4" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1429 +msgid "" +"# of days before password will be allowed to be changed (0 for \"change " +"anytime\")" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1435 +msgid "field 5" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1436 +msgid "" +"# of days before system will force user to change to a new password (-1 for " +"\"never\")" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1442 +msgid "field 6" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1443 +msgid "" +"# of days before password expires that user will be warned about expiration " +"(-1 for \"no warning\")" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1449 +msgid "field 7" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1450 +msgid "" +"# of days after password expiration that this account is automatically # " +"disabled by the system (-1 for \"never disable\")" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1456 +msgid "field 8" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1457 +msgid "" +"# of days that this account has been disabled (-1 for \"this account is " +"enabled\")" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1463 +msgid "field 9" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1464 +msgid "Reserved for future use" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):1471 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):1479 +msgid "/etc/group" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1474 +msgid "" +"Next, we take a look at the <path>/etc/group</path> file, which defines all " +"the groups on a Linux system. Here's a sample line:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):1479 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"drobbins:x:1000:\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1483 +msgid "" +"The <path>/etc/group</path> field format is as follows. The first field " +"defines the name of the group; the second field is a vestigial password " +"field that now simply holds an x, and the third field defines the numeric " +"group id of this particular group. The fourth field (empty in the above " +"example) defines any users that are members of this group." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1491 +msgid "" +"You'll recall that our sample <path>/etc/passwd</path> line referenced a " +"group id of 1000. This has the effect of placing the drobbins user in the " +"drobbins group, even though the drobbins username isn't listed in the fourth " +"field of <path>/etc/group</path>." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):1501 +msgid "Group notes" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1504 +msgid "" +"A note about associating users with groups: on some systems, you'll find " +"that every new login account is associated with an identically named (and " +"usually identically numbered) group. On other systems, all login accounts " +"will belong to a single users group. The approach that you use on the system" +"(s) you administrate is up to you. Creating matching groups for each user " +"has the advantage of allowing users to more easily control access to their " +"own files by placing trusted friends in their personal group." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):1517 +msgid "Adding a user and group by hand" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1520 +msgid "" +"Now, I'll show you how to create your own user and group account. The best " +"way to learn how to do this is to add a new user to the system manually. To " +"begin, first make sure that your EDITOR environment variable is set to your " +"favorite text editor:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):1527 +msgid "Checking favorite text editor variable" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):1527 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"# <i>echo $EDITOR</i>\n" +"vim\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1532 +msgid "If it isn't, you can set EDITOR by typing something like:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):1536 +msgid "Setting EDITOR variable" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):1536 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"# <i>export EDITOR=/usr/bin/emacs</i>\n" +"# <i>vipw</i>\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1541 +msgid "" +"You should now find yourself in your favorite text editor with the <path>/" +"etc/passwd</path> file loaded up on the screen. When modifying system " +"<path>passwd</path> and <path>group</path> files, it's very important to use " +"the <c>vipw</c> and <c>vigr</c> commands. They take extra precautions to " +"ensure that your critical <path>passwd</path> and <path>group</path> files " +"are locked properly so they don't become corrupted." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):1553 +msgid "Editing /etc/passwd" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1556 +msgid "" +"Now that you have the <path>/etc/passwd</path> file up, go ahead and add the " +"following line:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):1561 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"testuser:x:3000:3000:LPI tutorial test user:/home/testuser:/bin/false\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1565 +msgid "" +"We've just added a \"testuser\" user with a UID of 3000. We've added him to " +"a group with a GID of 3000, which we haven't created just yet. " +"Alternatively, we could have assigned this user to the GID of the users " +"group if we wanted. This new user has a comment that reads LPI tutorial test " +"user; the user's home directory is set to <path>/home/testuser</path>, and " +"the user's shell is set to <path>/bin/false</path> for security purposes. If " +"we were creating an non-test account, we would set the shell to <path>/bin/" +"bash</path>. OK, go ahead and save your changes and exit." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):1579 +msgid "Editing /etc/shadow" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1582 +msgid "" +"Now, we need to add an entry in <path>/etc/shadow</path> for this particular " +"user. To do this, type <c>vipw -s</c>. You'll be greeted with your favorite " +"editor, which now contains the <path>/etc/shadow</path> file. Now, go ahead " +"and copy the line of an existing user account (one that has a password and " +"is longer than the standard system account entries):" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1594 +msgid "" +"Now, change the username on the copied line to the name of your new user, " +"and ensure that all fields (particularly the password aging ones) are set to " +"your liking:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):1600 +msgid "Modifed /etc/shadow" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):1600 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"testuser:$1$1234567890123456789012345678901:11664:0:-1:-1:-1:-1:0\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1604 +msgid "Now, save and exit." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):1611 +msgid "Setting a password" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1614 +msgid "" +"You'll be back at the prompt. Now, it's time to set a password for your new " +"user:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):1619 +msgid "Setting password for new user" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):1619 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"# <i>passwd testuser</i>\n" +"Enter new UNIX password: <comment>(enter a password for testuser)</comment>\n" +"Retype new UNIX password: <comment>(enter testuser's new password again)</comment>\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):1628 +msgid "Editing /etc/group" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1631 +msgid "" +"Now that <path>/etc/passwd</path> and <path>/etc/shadow</path> are set up, " +"it's now time to get <path>/etc/group</path> configured properly. To do " +"this, type:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):1636 +msgid "Configuring /etc/group" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):1636 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"# <i>vigr</i>\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1640 +msgid "" +"Your <path>/etc/group</path> file will appear in front of you, ready for " +"editing. Now, if you chose to assign a default group of users for your " +"particular test user, you do not need to add any groups to <path>/etc/" +"groups</path>. However, if you chose to create a new group for this user, go " +"ahead and add the following line:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):1648 +msgid "Adding new group manually" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):1648 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"testuser:x:3000:\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1652 +msgid "Now save and exit." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):1659 +msgid "Creating a home directory" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1662 +msgid "" +"We're nearly done. Type the following commands to create testuser's home " +"directory:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):1667 +msgid "Creating home directory" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):1667 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"# <i>cd /home</i>\n" +"# <i>mkdir testuser</i>\n" +"# <i>chown testuser.testuser testuser</i>\n" +"# <i>chmod o-rwx testuser</i>\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1674 +msgid "" +"Our user's home directory is now in place and the account is ready for use. " +"Well, almost ready. If you'd like to use this account, you'll need to use " +"vipw to change testuser's default shell to <path>/bin/bash</path> so that " +"the user can log in." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):1684 +msgid "Account admin utils" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1687 +msgid "" +"Now that you know how to add a new account and group by hand, let's review " +"the various time-saving account administration utilities available under " +"Linux. Due to space constraints, we won't cover a lot of detail describing " +"these commands. Remember that you can always get more information about a " +"command by viewing the command's man page. If you are planning to take the " +"LPIC 101 exam, you should spend some time getting familiar with each of " +"these commands." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1696 +msgid "newgrp" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1700 +msgid "" +"By default, any files that a user creates are assigned to the user's group " +"specified in <path>/etc/passwd</path>. If the user belongs to other groups, " +"he or she can type newgrp thisgroup to set current default group membership " +"to the group thisgroup. Then, any new files created will inherit thisgroup " +"membership." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1710 +msgid "" +"The <c>chage</c> command is used to view and change the password aging " +"setting stored in <path>/etc/shadow</path>." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1717 +msgid "A general-purpose group administration tool." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1720 +msgid "<c>groupadd</c>/<c>groupdel</c>/<c>groupmod</c>" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1721 +msgid "Used to add/delete/modify groups in <path>/etc/group</path>" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1724 +msgid "<c>useradd</c>/<c>userdel</c>/<c>usermod</c>" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1725 +msgid "" +"Used to add/delete/modify users in <path>/etc/passwd</path>. These commands " +"also perform various other convenience functions. See the man pages for more " +"information." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1732 +msgid "<c>pwconv</c>/<c>grpconv</c>" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1733 +msgid "" +"Used to convert <path>passwd</path> and <path>group</path> files to \"new-" +"style\" shadow passwords. Virtually all Linux systems already use shadow " +"passwords, so you should never need to use these commands." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):1746 +msgid "Tuning the user environment" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):1748 +msgid "Introducing \"fortune\"" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1751 +msgid "" +"Your shell has many useful options that you can set to fit your personal " +"preferences. So far, however, we haven't discussed any way to have these " +"settings set up automatically every time you log in, except for re-typing " +"them each time. In this section we will look at tuning your login " +"environment by modifying startup files." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1759 +msgid "" +"First, let's add a friendly message for when you first log in. To see an " +"example message, run <c>fortune</c>:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):1764 +msgid "Running fortune command" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):1764 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"$ <i>fortune</i>\n" +"No amount of careful planning will ever replace dumb luck.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):1772 +msgid ".bash_profile" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1775 +msgid "" +"Now, let's set up <c>fortune</c> so that it gets run every time you log in. " +"Use your favorite text editor to edit a file named <path>.bash_profile</" +"path> in your home directory. If the file doesn't exist already, go ahead " +"and create it. Insert a line at the top:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):1782 +msgid "~/.bash_profile" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):1782 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"fortune\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1786 +msgid "" +"Try logging out and back in. Unless you're running a display manager like " +"xdm, gdm, or kdm, you should be greeted cheerfully when you log in:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):1791 +msgid "Results of fortune command in .bash_profile file" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):1791 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"mycroft.flatmonk.org login: chouser\n" +"Password:\n" +"Freedom from incrustations of grime is contiguous to rectitude.\n" +"$\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):1801 +msgid "The login shell" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1804 +msgid "" +"When bash started, it walked through the <path>.bash_profile</path> file in " +"your home directory, running each line as though it had been typed at a bash " +"prompt. This is called sourcing the file." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1810 +msgid "" +"Bash acts somewhat differently depending on how it is started. If it is " +"started as a login shell, it will act as it did above -- first sourcing the " +"system-wide <path>/etc/profile</path>, and then your personal <path>~/." +"bash_profile</path>." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1816 +msgid "" +"There are two ways to tell bash to run as a login shell. One way is used " +"when you first log in: bash is started with a process name of -bash. You can " +"see this in your process listing:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):1822 +msgid "Process listing" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):1822 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"$ <i>ps u</i>\n" +"USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND\n" +"chouser 404 0.0 0.0 2508 156 tty2 S 2001 0:00 -bash\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1828 +msgid "" +"You will probably see a much longer listing, but you should have at least " +"one COMMAND with a dash before the name of your shell, like -bash in the " +"example above. This dash is used by the shell to determine if it's being run " +"as a login shell." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):1838 +msgid "Understanding --login" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1841 +msgid "" +"The second way to tell bash to run as a login shell is with the <c>--login</" +"c> command-line option. This is sometimes used by terminal emulators (like " +"xterm) to make their bash sessions act like initial login sessions." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1847 +msgid "" +"After you have logged in, more copies of your shell will be run. Unless they " +"are started with <c>--login</c> or have a dash in the process name, these " +"sessions will not be login shells. If they give you a prompt, however, they " +"are called interactive shells. If bash is started as interactive, but not " +"login, it will ignore <path>/etc/profile</path> and <path>~/.bash_profile</" +"path> and will instead source <path>~/.bashrc</path>." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(th):1858 +msgid "interactive" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(th):1859 +msgid "login" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(th):1860 +msgid "profile" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(th):1861 +msgid "rc" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1864 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1865 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1870 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1877 +msgid "yes" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1866 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1873 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1878 +msgid "source" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1867 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1872 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1879 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1884 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1885 +msgid "ignore" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1871 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1876 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1882 +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(ti):1883 +msgid "no" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):1892 +msgid "Testing for interactivity" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1895 +msgid "" +"Sometimes bash sources your <path>~/.bashrc</path>, even though it isn't " +"really interactive, such as when using commands like rsh and scp. This is " +"important to keep in mind because printing out text, like we did with the " +"fortune command earlier, can really mess up these non-interactive bash " +"sessions. It's a good idea to use the PS1 variable to detect whether the " +"current shell is truly interactive before printing text from a startup file:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):1904 +msgid "Testing PS1 varibale" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):1904 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"if [ -n \"$PS1\" ]; then\n" +"fortune\n" +"fi\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):1913 +msgid "/etc/profile and /etc/skel" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1916 +msgid "" +"As a system administrator, you are in charge of <path>/etc/profile</path>. " +"Since it is sourced by everyone when they first log in, it is important to " +"keep it in working order. It is also a powerful tool in making things work " +"correctly for new users as soon as they log into their new account." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1923 +msgid "" +"However, there are some settings that you may want new users to have as " +"defaults, but also allow them to change easily. This is where the <path>/etc/" +"skel</path> directory comes in. When you use the <c>useradd</c> command to " +"create a new user account, it copies all the files from <path>/etc/skel</" +"path> into the user's new home directory. That means you can put helpful " +"<path>.bash_profile</path> and <path>.bashrc</path> files in <path>/etc/" +"skel</path> to get new users off to a good start." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):1936 +msgid "export" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1939 +msgid "" +"Variables in bash can be marked so that they are set the same in any new " +"shells that it starts; this is called being marked for export. You can have " +"bash list all of the variables that are currently marked for export in your " +"shell session:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):1946 +msgid "results of export command" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):1946 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"$ <i>export</i>\n" +"declare -x EDITOR=\"vim\"\n" +"declare -x HOME=\"/home/chouser\"\n" +"declare -x MAIL=\"/var/spool/mail/chouser\"\n" +"declare -x PAGER=\"/usr/bin/less\"\n" +"declare -x PATH=\"/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin:/home/chouser/bin\"\n" +"declare -x PWD=\"/home/chouser\"\n" +"declare -x TERM=\"xterm\"\n" +"declare -x USER=\"chouser\"\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):1961 +msgid "Marking variables for export" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1964 +msgid "" +"If a variable is not marked for export, any new shells that it starts will " +"not have that variable set. However, you can mark a variable for export by " +"passing it to the <c>export</c> built-in:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):1970 +msgid "Marking variable for export" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):1970 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"$ <i>FOO=foo</i>\n" +"$ <i>BAR=bar</i>\n" +"$ <i>export BAR</i>\n" +"$ <i>echo $FOO $BAR</i>\n" +"foo bar\n" +"$ <i>bash</i>\n" +"$ <i>echo $FOO $BAR</i>\n" +"bar\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):1981 +msgid "" +"In this example, the variables FOO and BAR were both set, but only BAR was " +"marked for export. When a new bash was started, it had lost the value for " +"FOO. If you exit this new bash, you can see that the original one still has " +"values for both FOO and BAR:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):1988 +msgid "Checking settings in original bash" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):1988 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"$ <i>exit</i>\n" +"$ <i>echo $FOO $BAR</i>\n" +"foo bar\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):1997 +msgid "Export and set -x" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):2000 +msgid "" +"Because of this behavior, variables can be set in <path>~/.bash_profile</" +"path> or <path>/etc/profile</path> and marked for export, and then never " +"need to be set again. There are some options that cannot be exported, " +"however, and so they must be put in put in your <path>~/.bashrc</path> and " +"your <e>profile</e> in order to be set consistently. These options are " +"adjusted with the set built-in:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):2008 +msgid "Using set command" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):2008 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"$ <i>set -x</i>\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):2012 +msgid "" +"The <c>-x</c> option causes bash to print out each command it is about to " +"run:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):2016 +msgid "Checking results of -x option" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):2016 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"$ <i>echo $FOO</i>\n" +"$ <i>echo foo</i>\n" +"foo\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):2022 +msgid "" +"This can be very useful for understanding unexpected quoting behavior or " +"similar strangeness. To turn off the <c>-x</c> option, do <c>set +x</c>. See " +"the bash man page for all of the options to the set built-in." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):2031 +msgid "Setting variables with \"set\"" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):2034 +msgid "" +"The <c>set</c> built-in can also be used for setting variables, but when " +"used that way, it is optional. The bash command <c>set FOO=foo</c> means " +"exactly the same as <c>FOO=foo</c>. Un-setting a variable is done with the " +"<c>unset</c> built-in:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):2041 +msgid "Un-setting variable" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):2041 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"$ <i>FOO=bar</i>\n" +"$ <i>echo $FOO</i>\n" +"bar\n" +"$ <i>unset FOO</i>\n" +"$ <i>echo $FOO</i>\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):2052 +msgid "Unset vs. FOO=" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):2055 +msgid "" +"This is <e>not</e> the same as setting a variable to nothing, although it is " +"sometimes hard to tell the difference. One way to tell is to use the <c>set</" +"c> built-in with no parameters to list all current variables:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):2061 +msgid "Comparison of unset and FOO=" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):2061 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"$ <i>FOO=bar</i>\n" +"$ <i>set | grep ^FOO</i>\n" +"FOO=bar\n" +"$ <i>FOO=</i>\n" +"$ <i>set | grep ^FOO</i>\n" +"FOO=\n" +"$ <i>unset FOO</i>\n" +"$ <i>set | grep ^FOO</i>\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):2072 +msgid "" +"Using <c>set</c> with no parameters like this is similar to using the " +"<c>export</c> built-in, except that <c>set</c> lists all variables instead " +"of just those marked for export." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):2081 +msgid "Exporting to change command behavior" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):2084 +msgid "" +"Often, the behavior of commands can be altered by setting environment " +"variables. Just as with new bash sessions, other programs that are started " +"from your bash prompt will only be able to see variables that are marked for " +"export. For example, the command <c>man</c> checks the variable PAGER to see " +"what program to use to step through the text one page at a time." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):2092 +msgid "Exporting PAGER variable" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):2092 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"$ <i>PAGER=less</i>\n" +"$ <i>export PAGER</i>\n" +"$ <i>man man</i>\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):2098 +msgid "" +"With PAGER set to <c>less</c>, you will see one page at a time, and pressing " +"the space bar moves on to the next page. If you change PAGER to <c>cat</c>, " +"the text will be displayed all at once, without stopping." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):2104 +msgid "Setting PAGER variable to cat" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):2104 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"$ <i>PAGER=cat</i>\n" +"$ <i>man man</i>\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):2112 +msgid "Using \"env\"" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):2115 +msgid "" +"Unfortunately, if you forget to set PAGER back to <c>less</c>, <c>man</c> " +"(as well as some other commands) will continue to display all their text " +"without stopping. If you wanted to have PAGER set to <c>cat</c> just once, " +"you could use the <c>env</c> command:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre:caption):2122 +msgid "Using env command to set variable" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(pre):2122 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\n" +"$ <i>PAGER=less</i>\n" +"$ <i>env PAGER=cat man man</i>\n" +"$ <i>echo $PAGER</i>\n" +"less\n" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):2129 +msgid "" +"This time, PAGER was exported to <c>man</c> with a value of <c>cat</c>, but " +"the PAGER variable itself remained unchanged in the bash session." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):2139 +msgid "Summary and resources" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):2141 +msgid "Summary" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):2144 +msgid "" +"Congratulations on finishing Part 3 of this tutorial series! At this point, " +"you should know how to locate information in system and Internet " +"documentation, and you should have a good grasp of the Linux permissions " +"model, user account management, and login environment tuning." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):2154 +msgid "Resources" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):2157 +msgid "" +"Be sure to check out the various Linux documentation resources covered in " +"this tutorial -- particularly the <uri link=\"http://www.tldp.org/\">Linux " +"Documentation Project</uri>. You'll find its collection of guides, HOWTOs, " +"FAQs, and man pages to be invaluable. Be sure to check out <uri link=" +"\"http://www.tldp.org/LDP/LG/current/\">Linux Gazette</uri> and <uri link=" +"\"http://www.tldp.org/linuxfocus/index.html\">LinuxFocus</uri> as well." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):2166 +msgid "" +"The <uri link=\"http://www.tldp.org/guides.html\">Linux System " +"Administrators guide</uri> (available from the \"Guides\" section at www." +"tldp.org) is a good complement to this series of tutorials -- give it a " +"read! You may also find Eric S. Raymond's <uri link=\"http://www.tldp.org/" +"HOWTO/Unix-and-Internet-Fundamentals-HOWTO/\">Unix and Internet Fundamentals " +"HOWTO</uri> to be helpful." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):2175 +msgid "" +"You can read the GNU Project's online documentation for the GNU info system " +"(also called \"texinfo\") at <uri link=\"http://www.gnu.org/manual/texinfo/" +"index.html\">GNU's texinfo documentation page</uri>." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):2182 +msgid "" +"Browse the <uri link=\"http://www.tldp.org/links/#ng\">Linux newsgroup list</" +"uri> on the LDP site, and the newsgroup archives at <uri link=\"http://" +"groups.google.com/googlegroups/deja_announcement.html\">Deja News</uri>." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):2189 +msgid "" +"In the Bash by example article series on developerWorks, Daniel shows you " +"how to use bash programming constructs to write your own bash scripts. This " +"bash series (particularly Parts 1 and 2) is good preparation for the LPIC " +"Level 1 exam and reinforces the concepts covered in this tutorial's \"Tuning " +"the user environment\" section:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(uri:link):2199 +msgid "/doc/en/articles/bash-by-example-p1.xml" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(uri):2199 +msgid "" +"Bash by example, Part 1: Fundamental programming in the Bourne-again shell" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(uri:link):2203 +msgid "/doc/en/articles/bash-by-example-p2.xml" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(uri):2203 +msgid "Bash by example, Part 2: More bash programming fundamentals" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(uri:link):2207 +msgid "/doc/en/articles/bash-by-example-p3.xml" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(uri):2207 +msgid "Bash by example, Part 3: Exploring the ebuild system." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):2212 +msgid "" +"We highly recommend the <uri link=\"http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/" +"linux/library/l-faq/\">Technical FAQ by Linux Users</uri> by Mark Chapman, a " +"50-page in-depth list of frequently-asked Linux questions, along with " +"detailed answers. The FAQ itself is in PDF (Adobe Acrobat) format. If you're " +"a beginning or intermediate Linux user, you really owe it to yourself to " +"check this FAQ out. We also recommend the <uri link=\"http://www-106.ibm.com/" +"developerworks/linux/library/l-gloss/index.html\">Linux glossary for Linux " +"users</uri>, also from Mark." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):2224 +msgid "" +"If you're not familiar with the vi editor, check out Daniel's <uri link=" +"\"http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/edu/l-dw-linuxvi-i.html\">Vi intro " +"-- the cheat sheet method tutorial</uri>. This tutorial will give you a " +"gentle yet fast-paced introduction to this powerful text editor. Consider " +"this must-read material if you don't know how to use vi." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):2232 +msgid "" +"For an intro to the Emacs editor, see the developerWorks tutorial, <uri link=" +"\"http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/edu/l-dw-linuxemacs-i.html\">Living " +"in Emacs</uri>." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(title):2241 +msgid "Feedback" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):2244 +msgid "" +"Please let us know whether this tutorial was helpful to you and how we could " +"make it better. We'd also like to hear about other tutorial topics you'd " +"like to see covered in developerWorks tutorials." +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(p):2250 +msgid "For questions about the content of this tutorial, contact the authors:" +msgstr "" + +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(li):2257 +msgid "Aron Griffis, at <mail>agriffis@gentoo.org</mail>." +msgstr "" + +#. Place here names of translator, one per line. Format should be NAME; ROLE; E-MAIL +#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/articles/lpi-101-intermediate-p3.xml(None):0 +msgid "translator-credits" +msgstr "" |